Pests

Area of distribution and damage of Grapholita molesta Busck.

Object description Download GIS-layers

Authors:

Object specialists E.I. Ovsyannikova & I.Ya. Grichanov, GIS-specialist M.I. Saulich.

Date of creation:

20.12.2004.

Scale:

1:20 000 000.

Accuracy of map:

Map was created based on information taken from open-published literature and maps of scale 1:12 000 000 and 1:33 000 000.

Projection:

"Alber's Equal Area Conic for the USSR", 9, 1001, 7, 100, 0, 44, 68, 0, 0.

Basic content:

Vector map consisting of 2 layers. Area and zones of damage are shown by polygons.

Accuracy of the classifier:

Since its appearance in the territory of the former USSR in the 1960's the Oriental Fruit Moth has occupied all of the Ukraine, Georgia, southern Kazakhstan (Almaty, Shymkent Regions), Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley), Astrakhan Region, the south of Voronezh and Rostov Regions, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, republics of the Northern Caucasus (Kuznetsov, 1994; OsТkin, 1996; Kazantseva et al., 1997; Omelyuta, 1997; Petrovskii, 2002). The centers of seasonal colonization are regularly found in Kaliningrad Region, Byelorussia, along boundaries of the Russian Far East, in environs of Moscow and other towns of mass delivery of fruits of stone cultures (Vasyutin, 2000; Vasyutin, 2003; Sivakova-Borisov, 2004). Short period of full cycle of development of 1st generation (60 days, degree days 338-383o) and necessity of facultative development of the 2nd generation of the species (Vlasova & Khardikov, 1980; Kozicheva, 1980) define the northern border of potential (autecological) area along isoline л 90 days with temperature 15°C (Gol'tsberg, 1972) that was proved by Vlasova and Khardikov (1980). This area stretches from the western borders of the former USSR to Altai, also embracing frontier areas of Amur Region, Khabarovsk and Primorskii Territories (Gol'tsberg, 1972). In this area within the European part of the former USSR, and also in Primorski Territory, both constant (in the south), and seasonal colonization of stone-fruit cultures by the pest is observed (Vasyutin, 2000; Vasyutin, 2003). In the Asian part of potential area the key factor limiting distribution of weakly frost-resisting, but hygrophilous Oriental Fruit Moth, is the sharply continental climate (Kozicheva, 1980). The south of Western Siberia and northern part of Kazakhstan should be excluded from the area because of severe winters (average temperature of January reach below 16°C, average absolute annual minimum air temperature is -28°C and lower); Most of Central Asia and Southern Kazakhstan is adverse for seasonal development of the Oriental Fruit Moth because of the combination of high temperatures (average temperature of July is 24°C and higher) and low humidity of air (parameter of dryness of 50-100 %) that approximately corresponds to isoline of the annual sum of precipitations 250 mm and lower (Gol'tsberg, 1972). Only in valleys of large rivers and in foothills of mountain systems (between isotherms of July 16 and 24°C) favorable conditions account for long survival of the species on stone cultures. Scanty information regarding its detection in Southern Kazakhstan and Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan (Atanov & Gummel', 1987; Kuznetsov, 1994; Petrovskii, 2002) testify to incompleteness of formation of stable areas of the Oriental Fruit Moth in this region as against the European part of the former USSR. Within the limits of the general area a zone of constantly high damage was allocated, closely adhered to areas of industrial cultivation of the main fodder plant (peach); the zone was almost completely occupied by the pest to 1980 (including Moldova, the west and the south of Ukraine, the Caucasian region) (Vlasova & Khardikov, 1980; Polyakov et al., 1984). Yield losses reach 30-40% in many areas, sometimes 50-60% (Kuznetsov, 1994; Omelyuta, 1997). In this zone the number of the Oriental Fruit Moth annually exceeds economic threshold, and control of the species having the status of a quarantine pest is obligatory, beginning from catching more than 1 male to a pheromone trap for 5 days (Dolzhenko, 2004).

Procedure of map drawing:

The map was compiled according to results of the analysis of open published materials and maps. Actual (synecological) area includes Moldova, most part of Ukraine (except for Poles'ye), the south of Voronezh and Rostov Regions, Astrakhan Region, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, republics of the Northern Caucasus (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Alania, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan), Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, southern Kazakhstan (Almaty, Shymkent Regions), Uzbekistan (Fergana Valley) (Enukidze, 1981; Vasil'ev & Livshits, 1984; Atanov & Gummel', 1987; Kuznetsov, 1994; OsТkin, 1996; Kazantseva et al., 1997; Omelyuta, 1997; Petrovskii, 2002; Vasyutin, 2000, 2003). The area was corrected in the south along the areas of industrial cultivation of fruit crops (Tochenov, 1984), except high mountains. Previous records of the species in the south of Sakhalin and Primorskii Territory (Danilevskii, 1955; Ermolaev, 1988) belong to G. funebrana (Danilevskii, Kuznetsov, 1968; Kuznetsov, 1994), and the Russian Far East as a whole is referred here as autecological area of the Oriental Fruit Moth. For definition of the zone of constantly high damage V.A.Vlasova's and F.F.Khardikov's map (1980, Fig. 3), was used as a basis; it reflects distribution of the pest in areas of industrial cultivation of peach (Moldova, the west and the south of Ukraine, the Caucasian Region). Borders of this zone were corrected in the south along the areas of industrial cultivation of fruit crops (Tochenov, 1984), except high mountains. The registration and vectoring of raster map were carried out using standard means of GIS-technologies.

Sources of the data:

Atanov N.M., Gummel' E.R. 1987. Features of biology of the Oriental Fruit Moth in Uzbekistan. Zashchita rastenii 7: 44-45. (in Russian).
Danilevskii A.S. 1955. Sem. Tortricidae. In: ShtakelТberg A.A., ed. Forest pests. Moscow & Leningrad: AN SSSR, V. 1, p. 62-115 (in Russian).
Danilevskii A.S., Kuznetsov V.I. 1968. Tortricidae, tribe Laspeyresiini. Moscow & Leningrad: AN SSSR, 636 p. (Bykhovskii B.E., ed. Fauna of the USSR, new ser., N 98. Lepidoptera. V. 5(1)). (in Russian).
Dolzhenko V.I., ed. 2004. Methodical instructions on registration tests of insecticides, acaricides, molluscicides, and rodenticides in agriculture. St. Petersburg: VIZR, 363 p. (in Russian).
Enukidze N.E. 1981. Biology of the Oriental Fruit Moth in Abkhazia. Zashchita rastenii 6: 38. (in Russian).
Ermolaev V.P. 1988. Tortricidae. In: Kirpichnikova V.A., Ler P.A., eds. Butterflies - pests of agriculture in the Far East. Keys. Vladivostok: Biology and Soil Institute, DO AN SSSR: 65-99. (In Russian)
Gol'tsberg, I.A., ed. Agroclimatic atlas of the world. Moscow & Leningrad: Gidrometizdat, 115 maps + 24 p. (in Russian).
Kazantseva T.P., Sorokin N.S., Vasil'eva I.A., Dolgova T.M., Martynov A. Ya., Gavrilova E.A., Bakalova G.A., Logvinenko T.S., Bespalova A.P., Chichikhina T.V., Dolaberidze S.D., Artokhin K.S. & Makhota V.M. 1997. Prognosis of incident and distribution of pests, diseases of crops, weeds and quarantine objects on the territory of Rostov region in 1997 year and measures of control. Rostov-na-Donu: Yug. 128 p. (in Russian)
Kostyuk Yu.A. 1974. Family Tortricidae. In: VasilТev, V.P., ed. Pests of agricultural crops and forest plantations. V.2. Arthropods. Kiev: Urozhai, p. 261-320 (in Russian)
Kozicheva E.F. 1980. To a method of definition of the Oriental Fruit Moth possible area in the USSR In: Smetnik A.I., ed. The Oriental Fruit Moth. Collection of works. Moscow: VNITIKIZR, p. 25-44. (in Russian)
Kuznetsov V.I. 1994. Family Tortricidae. In: Kuznetsov, V.I., ed. Insects and mites - pests of agricultural plants. V. 3(1).Lepidoptera. St.Petersburg: Nauka, p. 51-234 (in Russian).
Omelyuta V.P. 1997. The Oriental Fruit Moth in Ukraine. Zashchita i karantin rastenii 9: 30. (in Russian).
Os'kin A.A. 1996. The Oriental Fruit Moth in Stavropol Territory. Zashchita i karantin rastenii 4: 30. (in Russian).
Petrovskii A. 2002. In order to do not pay the double price. In: National daily newspaper of republic of Kazakhstan, 16.07.2002, http://www.kazpravda.kz/index.php?uin=1151984397&chapter=1002071622&act=archive_date&day=16&month=07&year=2002 (in Russian)
Polyakov I.Ya., Kopaneva L.M., Dorokhova G.I. 1984. Number and distribution of pests and entomophages of fruit and berry cultures in different agricultural zones of the USSR. In: Kopaneva L.M., ed. Key to harmful and useful insects and mites of fruit and berry cultures in the USSR. Leningrad: Kolos: 6-45 (in Russian)
Sivakova-Borisova T. 2004. Whether in a garden, in a kitchen garden. Vechernii Minsk 090 ot 28.04.2004. http://www.prazdnikinfo.ru
Tochenov V.V., ed. 1984. Atlas of the USSR. Moscow: GUGK, 260 p. (in Russian)
VasilТev V.P., Livshits I.Z. 1984. Pests of fruit crops. Moscow: Kolos, 399 p. (in Russian).
Vasyutin A.S., ed. 2000. Quarantine phytosanitary state of the Russian Federation for January, 1 2000. Moscow: MSKH RF, 96 p. (in Russian)
Vasyutin A.S., ed. 2003. Reference-book on quarantine phytosanitary state of the Russian Federation for January, 1 2003. Moscow: MSKH RF, 102 p. (in Russian)
Vlasova V.A, Khardikov F.F. 1980. Agroclimatic substantiation of possible area and zones of damage on the territory of the USSR. In: Smetnik A.I., ed. The Oriental Fruit Moth. Collection of works. Moscow: VNITIKIZR, p. 44-55. (in Russian)

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